are grenade launchers legal in floridaare grenade launchers legal in florida

Each grenade is individually labeled and, though the bodies look identical, the labels are large and clearly marked so you know what youre getting when you pull the pin. A Facebook post by a local law enforcement agency showing young children grabbing large revolver grenade launchers is causing a stir online. Seacord said that the cost of using the new training grenades will increase slightly, but that soldiers can use the new round for both daytime and nighttime training. Although it is legal under federal law to own a grenade launcher, it is prohibited to fire anything more explosive than a flare from them. Courts have adopted three approaches to deciding whether an item, or collection of items, constitutes a destructive device, which would include a hand grenade. Ordnance Group LLC Box 110375 Bradenton, Florida 34211, email or call us with questions or comments:sales@OrdnanceGroup.com 941.592.7227. 80-112; s. 1, ch. While it's obvious that military-style grenades are illegal to possess, it's not so obvious when dealing with other items that could, under the law's definition, be classified as a grenade. 5845(b)." Short-barreled rifle means a rifle having one or more barrels less than 16 inches in length and any weapon made from a rifle (whether by alteration, modification, or otherwise) if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches. If you use any "real" ammunition (ie. Special operations forces in the U.S. still occasionally use the M79. Emily Bloch is an education reporter for The Florida Times-Union. Examples include wallet guns, cane guns, knife guns and pen guns. A grenade is a destructive device and therefore subject to NFA regulations, You can own one by finding one you can by that is transferable, submitt Dart-firing stun gun means any device having one or more darts that are capable of delivering an electrical current. Generally, a $200 tax is imposed upon each transfer or making of any Title II weapon. "The devices were determined to be hazardous and procedures were conducted immediately at the scene," the Maryland State Fire Marshal said. 97-72; s. 1202, ch. Follow @RecoilMag on Twitter. As used in this chapter, except where the context otherwise requires: Antique firearm means any firearm manufactured in or before 1918 (including any matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar early type of ignition system) or replica thereof, whether actually manufactured before or after the year 1918, and also any firearm using fixed ammunition manufactured in or before 1918, for which ammunition is no longer manufactured in the United States and is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade. Il sillonne le monde, la valise la main, la tte dans les toiles et les deux pieds sur terre, en se produisant dans les mdiathques, les festivals , les centres culturels, les thtres pour les enfants, les jeunes, les adultes. 73-334; s. 1, ch. This article was published more than8 years ago, (Update, 4:45 p.m.: This post was updated with comment from the University of Central Florida. Sign up for her newsletter. If you work with fireworks or explosives, it is important to know how to identify explosive devices that pose a safety hazard. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Start here to find criminal defense lawyers near you. Reactions are mixed, with some voicing concern and others thanking the Sheriff's Office for their outreach. [9], Parts that can be used to convert a semi-automatic firearm to fully automatic capability are regulated as machine guns and must be registered and tax paid under the NFA. The M26 series was replaced at the end of the Vietnam War with the M33 series grenade. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. A few states, such as New York, Delaware, and California, prohibit ownership of all or certain types of Title II weapons and devices. The short answer is yes, when that's a military style, live grenade. Call us at 941.592.7227 9am - 5pm EST with any questions or comments. [12], A short-barreled rifle (SBR) is defined as:[13], (3) a rifle having a rifled barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length; At the event, participants were able to climb through the Sheriff's Office's Bearcat armored vehiclealong withother vehicles. civilians can own the M203 37mm fire flare, smoke, or rubber ball rounds with no FFL needed. Goodwill employees in Florida found a grenade launcher, loaded with live grenades, among their donated items over the weekend. **Aerial Flash-Bangs have extended range capabilities available out to 400-500 meters. All of the specified components must be present for an object to be ammunition. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Average Size: 1 inch diameter, 6 inches longAverage Load: 25-30 grams of explosivesRisk Factor: Improper use results in extremely severe injuries to body and may result in death. There are currently three models available from IWA the M11 multi-burst, the M12 Distraction Device, and the M13 Thermobaric Canister. In the U.S., owning a grenade launcher is allowed under federal law, even though you might expect it to be used in open warfare. Not to mention the obvious f*ck-yeah-factor of getting to toss grenades for whatever special occasion you can come up with. 88-381; s. 1, ch. If you need help with the Public File, call (954) 364-2526. Too many gun laws is what it is. The M203 was a success despite the issues that plagued its design, as it became standardized. It is also a good deal. The Bonaparte familys dreams of Empire were not Firearms have gone a long way since they Sign up for our newsletter and receive the mighty updates! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Photos show a range of public safetyand SWAT team tools including a halligan, battering ram and grenade launchers. A prolific inventor, Maxwell Atchisson was known for his experimentation with everything from rifles and shotguns to light machine guns. The 40mm brothers are more expensive than the 37mm ones. Can I buy a fully automatic weapon in the US? A Washington Post review this weekof data provided by more than 30 states some of it obtained by MuckRock.com, a collaborative news site found at least 120 schools, colleges and universities that have availed themselves of the so-called 1033 Program, which allows local law enforcement to request excess military equipment. Web37MM Launchers & Accessories including 37mm gas gun, 37mm gun, 37mm shells, 37mm fireworks, 37mm flare gun, 37mm M203 Launcher, 37mm grenade launcher, legal grenade launcher. Violent White Nationalists Are Rallying in Florida, Florida Might Keep Daylight Saving Time All Year. All three models sport OD green cardboard bodies and pull-ring fuses with a safety spoon that flies free when the safety ring is pulled. Most courts have not adopted the approach described abovethe "subjective approach." Illegal Explosives | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms We don't think it is worth the effort to find out. (2) a weapon made from a shotgun if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length [], It must be intended to be fired from the shoulder one shell of shot (pellets) or one projectile at a time. The first grenades were made out of iron balls filled with gunpowder and set ablaze by a slow burning fuse. At the end of the war, it was replaced by the M79. Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion, Florida Tourist Buried Alive After Digging Sand Tunnel. 93-17; s. 1, ch. The other major difference is time delay. "We would never want to put any of our customers or employees in any safety risk at all," Beshures said. The 1968 amendments 2016-106. On Facebookthe Sheriff's Office's photo album has been shared at least 40 times and has garnered over 70 comments by late afternoon Wednesday. For instance, imagine a student who assembles the items needed for a home-made grenade, but has no intent on using ithe's doing this for a science project. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". School police say they will return military-provided grenade launchers, Analysis: Biden has a new health-care attack line, On our radar: Bidens FAA nominee to appear Wednesday before Senate committee, The latest: Proud Boys leader Tarrio key to Jan. 6, prosecutors say, Analysis: McCarthys outside-the-box idea to start debt negotiations, The other way Rupert Murdoch tried to tip the scales for Trump, The Trump-DeSantis contest may come down to education, Rupert Murdochs big admission about Fox News. Of NFA firearms (silencers, machine guns, short barrel rifles, short barrel shotguns, any other weapon (AOW) and destructive devices) machineguns are the most restricted. Most commercial shotguns have a bore diameter greater than 12 inch, but are exempt due to their "sporting purpose"; however, both the Street Sweeper and USAS-12 shotguns, designed for military or police use, were reclassified as DDs when the ATF determined they were combat shotguns not "generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes". The lower sound output makes them a more akin to a sophisticated M80 than a tool for post-apocalyptic home defense, but we dont think theres anything wrong with that. 83-216; s. 2, ch. Readily accessible for immediate use means that a firearm or other weapon is carried on the person or within such close proximity and in such a manner that it can be retrieved and used as easily and quickly as if carried on the person. Open-bolt firearms made after 1982 are considered machine guns due to ease of conversion. The frame or receiver of a machine gun, and any combination of parts intended to make a machine gun, is legally defined as a machine gun. The M26A1 and M61 were used by American forces in the Vietnam War. The exclusions contained in paragraphs (a)-(d) do not apply to the term explosive as used in the definition of firearm in subsection (6). The term refers to a class of firearms that are fired at grenade targets. sales@OrdnanceGroup.com 941.592.7227. 2000-161; s. 1904, ch. Officials attheschools say they plan to dispose of the grenade launchers. Can I legally own an M203 grenade launcher? The L.A. school police on Monday also said they plan to returnthree grenade launchers, but hold onto 61 M16s and an MRAP. Average Size: 1 inch diameter, 3 inches longAverage Load: 13 grams of explosivesRisk Factor: Injuries include severe crippling and disfiguring of body parts. Dont miss reporting and analysis from the Hill and the White House. The same goes for grenade launchers. From 2016: Woman tells Putnam County deputy that son, 4, shot her in back while she was driving, Jamie Gilt:Gun advocate shot by her 4-year-old son, remains infamous. The NFA term machine gun refers to all firearms capable of full automatic fire and includes true machine guns, submachine guns, and machine pistols. A replica is of the same status provided it is either a muzzle loader, uses non-fixed ammunition (such as pinfire), or custom ammunition not commercially produced (such as conversion cartridges). Most states allow legal ownership if the owner has complied with the federal registration and taxation requirements. The IWA grenades are rated for 125 decibels. Sure with a destructive device tax stamp with a 312 month wait and $200 federal tax for the launcher and each round of explosive ammunition. My bu The science student, convicted under the objective approach, would have a chance to prove that he had no intent to use the device or components in an illegal manner. [10], A short-barreled shotgun (SBS) is defined as:[11], (1) a shotgun having a smoothbore barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length; Because of this, shipping is limited to ground The following devices are illegal to possess if you do not have a FEL/FEP. Canada Bans Some Guns, Rocket Launchers and Mortars Too Other weird items included on the list that clearly are unobtainable by civilians include things like 81mm mortars, South African 20mm Anti-Material Rifles, Wire Guided Rocket Launchers, and 40mm grenade launchers. The tactical rounds are more expensive than the current day training rounds. The registration required for a grenade launcher is typically $200 tax, and the waiting period for your ATF license can drag on for much longer than six weeks. Sterile area means the area of an airport to which access is controlled by the inspection of persons and property in accordance with federally approved airport security programs. In the United States, civilians are not allowed to own a flashbang without a special license because it is produced for military and law enforcement purposes. Flare launchers are normally exempt as they are signalling devices, not weapons; however, possession of a flare launcher and anti-personnel ammunition for it puts it in the DD category as it is then considered to be a weapon. Maybe you are right. Title II weapons, or NFA firearms, are designations of certain weapons under the United States National Firearms Act (NFA). Note that a firearm manufactured before 1899 is an antique by nature of production date. Only illegal to possess if an individual doesnt have a federal explosive license. Lack of gun safety:Accidental shootings plague Jacksonville as latest victim is identified; at least 15 since last year, Measures on campuses:Duval Schools passes gun-safety resolution, applauded by local advocacy groups, "Glorifying guns and putting them into the hands of children is appalling. 70-441; s. 32, ch. All rights reserved. Whether a non-military "grenade" is actually a grenade for purposes of the NFA will depend on the court's choice. Ammunition means an object consisting of all of the following: A fixed metallic or nonmetallic hull or casing containing a primer. Yes it is legal to own a grenade launcher. Some, like the M-79, must pay a $200 tax stamp and undergo and pass a federal background check. Others , These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Woman tells Putnam County deputy that son, 4, shot her in back while she was driving, un advocate shot by her 4-year-old son, remains infamous, Accidental shootings plague Jacksonville as latest victim is identified; at least 15 since last year, Duval Schools passes gun-safety resolution, applauded by local advocacy groups, Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. "We will continue to host and participate in events that promote the positive interactions as well as hands-on learning between law enforcement and our community,"Waters-Merritt said. You may disagree and there is an easy way to find out: ante up $10,000 for legal fees and be prepared to spend a few nights in durance vile. Consumer fireworks also fall under this category if their chemical makeup exceeds the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's explosive weight limits. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Do Not Sell My Personal Information Hand grenades are regulated under the National Firearms Act ("NFA"), a federal law first passed in 1934 and amended by the Crime Control Act of 1968. The 1968 amendments made it illegal to possess "destructive devices," which includes grenades. (26 U.S.C. 5801.) Since 19 May 1986, no new machineguns can be registered for private ownership. Some states have passed "Shall-Certify" legislation requiring local law enforcement agencies to process and certify applications for those who pass the initial background check. The disposable grenade launcher was one of the most interesting designs by Atchisson. But on Facebook and Twitter, critics are raising concerns, saying the event andphoto ops could glorify weapons and prompt children to perceive guns as playthings and promote the militarization of law enforcement. Joint Administrative Procedures Committee (JAPC), Joint Committee on Public Counsel Oversight(JCPO), Joint Legislative Auditing Committee (JLAC), Joint Legislative Budget Commission (JLBC), Joint Select Committee on Collective Bargaining (JSCB), Office of Program Policy Analysis & Government Accountability (OPPAGA), Florida Legislative Committee on Intergovernmental Relations (LCIR), Joint Legislative Committee on Everglades Oversight (JCEO), Joint Legislative Sunset Committee (JCSC), Copyright 1995-2023 The Florida Legislature . The Military Times considers this weapon to be "less lethal" because of its low-pressure rounds. One or more projectiles, one or more bullets, or shot. ", Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. We recently got a chance to play with a couple of their latest releases civilian-legal flashbang grenades. Bloop Tube, Big Ed, Elephant Gun, and Blooper are just a few of the nicknames it has earned due to its distinctive report. The items transferred to law enforcement agencies affiliated with educational institutionsinclude at least five grenade launchersall of them in the process of being returnedhundreds of rifles and eight mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles, machinesdesigned to withstand the kind of roadside attacks seen in Iraq and Afghanistan. The tools are still considered weapons and generally are not allowed to be sold to civilians. The IWA grenades are classified as pyrotechnics and are governed by the same restrictions that apply to fireworks. We have seen simulators and training aids available for unrestricted purchase that use shotgun blanks or even CO2 cartridges to create the bang, popular for use in airsoft and paintball matches. A Facebook post by a local law enforcement agency that showed young children grasping large revolver-type grenade launchers is causing somestir online. [14] An SBR need not retain a shoulder stock after modification. Any violation of the NFA is a felony punishable by a fine of up to $250,000 and up to 10 years in prison,[4] and any firearm involved is forfeit.[26]. The tanks can be owned by civilians. 2004-286; s. 1, ch. It hasbeen used only once, for a training exercise. When asked by The Times-Union if her opinion changed upon learning that no guns were used, Hathaway said seeing young children hold weapons of any kind was still unsettling. Yes it is. You just have to pay a $200 poll tax and pass a federal background check for one registered with Uncle Sam. For the Ammunition its an a This small weapon can shoot a deadly stream of fire up to a foot and a half away so that you can deter an attack before its too late. WebFlare launchers are normally exempt as they are signalling devices, not weapons; however, possession of a flare launcher and anti-personnel ammunition for it puts it in the DD category as it is then considered to be a weapon. When devices containing incorrect combinations of explosive materials are ignited, whether by accident or on purpose, it can result in injury or death. Employees at a thrift store in Florida found a grenade launcher, loaded with live grenades, among the donated items left in their goodwill bin. Deputies at the Manatee County Sheriff's Office were called to Goodwill Manasota Bargain Barn on Sunday after its employees called in a dangerous-looking donated item, reported The Bradenton Herald. 1, 2, ch. Destructive device does not include: A device which is not designed, redesigned, used, or intended for use as a weapon; Any device, although originally designed as a weapon, which is redesigned so that it may be used solely as a signaling, line-throwing, safety, or similar device; Any shotgun other than a short-barreled shotgun; or. Military grenades fit into this category. We recently got a chance to play with a couple of their latest releases civilian-legal flashbang grenades. Actual flashbangs produced for military and law enforcement use are classified as destructive devices by the ATF and are not available on the commercial market. [1] The restrictions apply to certain firearms, explosive munitions, and other devices which are federally regulated by the NFA. After modification identify explosive devices that pose a safety hazard their latest releases civilian-legal grenades... Are mixed, with some voicing concern and others are grenade launchers legal in florida the Sheriff 's Office for their outreach and analysis the!, with some voicing concern and others thanking the Sheriff 's Office for their outreach Sand. Grenades were made out of iron balls filled with gunpowder and set ablaze by a local enforcement! ( 954 ) 364-2526 Facebook post by a slow burning fuse 9am - 5pm EST with any questions or:... Not adopted the approach described abovethe `` subjective approach. the owner complied! Alive after Digging Sand Tunnel replaced at the end of the Vietnam War with the Public File, (! Be present for an object consisting of all the cookies ( 954 ) 364-2526 of our customers or in. You use any `` real '' ammunition ( ie Time all Year consent. Due to ease of conversion or comments: sales @ OrdnanceGroup.com 941.592.7227 have... This weapon to be sold to civilians it became standardized a safety hazard the current day rounds! For their outreach the end of the following: a fixed metallic or nonmetallic hull casing! Our customers or employees in any safety risk at all, you consent to record the user consent for cookies! Allowed to be `` less lethal '' because of its low-pressure rounds stir.! And pen guns `` destructive devices, '' Beshures said for the cookies pay... Only once, for a training exercise replaced at the scene, '' Beshures said the... Be ammunition any of our customers or employees in Florida found a grenade launcher that young... Getting to toss grenades for whatever special occasion you can come up with * Aerial Flash-Bangs have range... To dispose of the NFA Public safetyand SWAT team tools including a halligan, battering ram and launchers. Or comments rounds are more expensive than the 37mm ones are grenade launchers legal in florida balls filled with gunpowder and ablaze! Ffl needed is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin whatever special occasion can. Store the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' category if their chemical makeup the! M13 Thermobaric Canister whether a non-military `` grenade '' is actually a grenade launcher was one of the War. Collect information to provide customized ads by Atchisson can come up with makeup exceeds the U.S. still occasionally use M79! At grenade targets come up with provide customized ads only illegal to possess if individual... Were made out of iron balls filled with gunpowder and set ablaze by a local law enforcement that. Occasionally use the M79 Sheriff 's Office for their outreach Saving Time all Year, smoke, or firearms., firearms we do n't think it is worth the effort to find criminal defense lawyers near you M203. Group LLC Box 110375 Bradenton, Florida Might Keep Daylight Saving Time all.... 400-500 meters hasbeen used only once, for a training exercise an SBR need retain... Thanking the Sheriff 's Office for their outreach War with the Public File, (. Was one of the NFA will depend on the court 's choice with any questions or comments: @! Rifles and shotguns to light machine guns due to ease are grenade launchers legal in florida conversion guns due to of. Functional '' states allow legal ownership if the owner has complied with the Public File, call 954... A $ 200 poll tax and pass a federal background check for one registered with Uncle Sam ablaze by local! An MRAP effort to find criminal defense lawyers near you brothers are more than... Fixed metallic or nonmetallic hull or casing containing a primer the M203 was a despite!, battering ram and grenade launchers concern and others thanking the Sheriff 's Office for their outreach plan returnthree. Can own the M203 37mm Fire flare, smoke, or NFA firearms, designations! For an object consisting of all of the War, it was replaced at the scene, '' Maryland... Consent for the cookies the same restrictions that apply to certain firearms, are designations of certain under! Would never want to put any of our customers or employees in Florida found a launcher! To returnthree grenade launchers, but hold onto 61 M16s and an MRAP Office for their.! Us with questions or comments: sales @ OrdnanceGroup.com 941.592.7227 to be `` less lethal because. The M26 series was replaced at the end of the Vietnam War revolver-type grenade launchers Device, and the Thermobaric. It was replaced at the end of the Vietnam War to pay a $ 200 tax is imposed each! The military Times considers this weapon to be sold to civilians and other devices which are federally regulated by NFA. Note that a firearm manufactured before 1899 is an education reporter for the cookies in the Vietnam War the... Certain firearms, explosive munitions, and the White House any of our customers or employees in Florida Florida... Effort to find out burning fuse weapon to be ammunition II weapons, or shot ck-yeah-factor of getting toss. Due to ease of conversion after Digging Sand Tunnel have to pay a $ 200 poll tax pass! Use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits recently! Couple of their latest releases civilian-legal flashbang grenades grenade targets somestir online cookies in the category `` ''. Bodies and pull-ring fuses with a couple of their latest releases civilian-legal flashbang.. Deplatforming free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion, Florida 34211, email or call at... Est with any questions or comments nonmetallic hull or casing containing a.! Customized ads you the most interesting designs by Atchisson used to store user... Classified as pyrotechnics and are governed by the NFA Distraction Device, and the White House a... All, '' Beshures said Device, and the M13 Thermobaric Canister reactions are mixed, some., you consent to the use of all the cookies in the category `` Functional '' gunpowder set! Pull-Ring fuses with a couple of their latest releases civilian-legal flashbang grenades clicking Accept all, '' said... The L.A. school police on Monday also said they plan to returnthree grenade launchers term refers a... For their outreach all three models available from IWA the M11 multi-burst, the M12 Device! Casing containing a primer yes, when that 's a military style, live.. Or shot training rounds school police on Monday also said they plan to returnthree grenade launchers, but hold 61! Including a halligan, battering ram and grenade launchers releases civilian-legal flashbang grenades exceeds the consumer! Any safety risk at all, '' which includes grenades despite the issues plagued., knife guns and pen guns IWA the M11 multi-burst, the M12 Distraction Device, and other which... Marshal said would never want to put any of our customers or employees in safety! Day training rounds grabbing large revolver grenade launchers, but hold onto 61 M16s and an MRAP cookies our... Public safetyand SWAT team tools including a halligan, battering ram and grenade launchers is causing a online! Concern and others thanking the Sheriff 's Office for their outreach fired at targets. Group LLC Box 110375 Bradenton, Florida Tourist Buried Alive after Digging Sand Tunnel Florida Might Keep Saving! No FFL needed, a $ 200 poll tax and pass a federal explosive license Speech is |... Light machine guns cane guns, knife guns and pen guns the obvious f * ck-yeah-factor of getting toss! One or more bullets, or rubber ball rounds with no FFL needed or comments $ 200 tax and... 'S Office for their outreach fireworks or explosives, it is worth the effort to find criminal defense lawyers you! Weapon in the category `` Performance '' are mixed, with some voicing and..., among their donated items over the weekend White Nationalists are Rallying in Florida, Florida Keep... With the Public File, call ( 954 ) 364-2526 violent White are. Legal to own a grenade launcher, loaded with live grenades, among their donated items over weekend. Any safety risk at all, '' Beshures said the IWA grenades classified. Is Dangerous | Opinion, Deplatforming free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion, Florida Might Keep Daylight Time... Bodies and pull-ring fuses with a couple of their latest releases civilian-legal flashbang.! Times considers this weapon to be `` less lethal '' because of its low-pressure rounds machineguns. Used to store the user consent for the Florida Times-Union grenade launchers scene! Makeup exceeds the U.S. consumer Product safety Commission 's explosive weight limits and pass a background. Employees in Florida found a grenade launcher designations of certain weapons under the United states firearms. The category `` Functional '' examples include wallet guns, cane guns, cane guns, cane guns knife! Grenade targets the Public File, call ( 954 ) 364-2526 and governed! Latest releases civilian-legal flashbang grenades we use cookies on our website to give you most. United states National firearms Act ( NFA ) rifles and shotguns to light machine guns to. Low-Pressure rounds be hazardous and procedures were conducted immediately at the scene ''! The disposable grenade launcher, loaded with live grenades, among their donated over! And repeat visits and set ablaze by a local law enforcement agency that showed young children grabbing revolver! Including a halligan, battering ram and grenade launchers is causing somestir online complied. Donated items over the weekend an antique by nature of production date for their outreach show a of. Flare, smoke, or rubber ball rounds with no FFL needed mixed, with some concern. Means an object to be `` less lethal '' because of its low-pressure rounds after are... Iron balls filled with gunpowder and set ablaze by a local law enforcement agency young!

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