"Chickee" is the Seminole word for house. Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a shell midden mound in the Estero Bay that is estimated to have been inhabited over 2,000 years ago. The Spanish were also early inhabitants of Sanibel in the 1500s, with Ponce de Leon landing in an area just north of Lee County. 185.51.188.236 Total Population : 21,299,325. Historians consider the Tequesta a generally peaceful-though powerful-Native American tribe. Furthermore, any action to enforce this User Agreement shall be brought in the federal or provincial courts located in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada You hereby agree to personal jurisdiction by such courts, and waive any jurisdictional, venue, or inconvenient forum objections to such courts. interesting facts about the calusa tribe. In 1763, Spain finally agreed to give up its claim to Florida and evacuate all Spaniards to Cuba, the last of the Tocobaga went with them. Diseases would ravage their population and force them to flee to Cuba. Living and surviving on the coast caused the tribesmen to become great sailors. Cynthia teaches environmental journalism at the University of Florida's College of Journalism and Communications in Gainesville. They defended their land against other smaller tribes and European explorers that were traveling by water. By the late 1700s, the Calusa had died out. Explorer Juan Ponce de Leon named Sanibel "Ybel" after the Spanish Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1513. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. It has been speculatively identified as Calusa in origin.). When English-speaking settlers began to arrive, they misheard Cayo Hueso as Key West . We are not responsible for any delay or failure in removing such content. Additionally, it has been suggested that the population of this tribe may have . Torbay,Newfoundland Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. In order to access our Resources, you may be required to provide certain information about yourself (such as identification, contact details, etc.) The first inhabitants of the Florida Keys were the Native American tribes Calusa and Tequesta. Please also visit our Terms of Use section establishing the use, disclaimers, and limitations of liability governing the use of our website. Cord was also made from Cabbage Palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. 1. . By visiting our website and accessing the information, resources, services, products, and tools we provide, you understand and agree to accept and adhere to the following terms and conditions as stated in this policy (hereafter referred to as 'User Agreement'), along with the terms and conditions as stated in our Privacy Policy (please refer to the Privacy Policy section below for more information). Yes, the Calusa collected the shells of the mollusks and clams and oysters they ate for mound building, but they also sifted clean, varicolored sands with crushed shell into these towering structures. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. The Calusa people were an important tribe of Florida. Hunters also shot birds and small game. In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. These Indians controlled most of south Florida. Please contact your hosting provider to confirm your origin IP and then make sure the correct IP is listed for your A record in your Cloudflare DNS Settings page. How did they travel in the canals? They developed a complex culture based on estuarine fisheries rather than agriculture. The email address you provide for order processing, may be used to send you information and updates pertaining to your order, in addition to receiving occasional company news, updates, related product or service information, etc. The Calusa diet at settlements along the coast and estuaries consisted primarily of fish, in particular pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), pigfish (redmouth grunt), (Orthopristis chrysoptera) and hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis). They had a reputation from being a fierce, war-like people, especially among European explorers and smaller tribes. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. In fact, the British used it . The Catawba Tribe's First European Contact Was 1540. Unfortunately, it's said some of the locals . Geologically, the Florida Keys are made up of the main exposed parts of coral reefs. The Calusa (kah LOOS ah) lived on the sandy shores of the southwest coast of Florida. The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. When Europeans first arrived, Native American tribes lived throughout the land. The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. 5. After ten days a man who spoke Spanish approached Ponce de Len's ships with a request to wait for the arrival of the Calusa chief. This site is believed to be the chief town of the Calusa, where the leader of the tribe, Chief Carlos lived. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. The first recorded contact between Europeans and Calusas was when the Spanish explorer, Ponce de Leon, and his crew landed at or near the Caloosahatchee River in 1513. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. The tallest tale . Email: louisiana pay transparency law. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. The Calusa people were an important tribe of Florida. Goodbye winter coats, hello sunshine! Blackfoot Indian Fact Sheet (Siksika) Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people in search of Blackfeet information for school or home-schooling reports. Another fiction is that the Calusa were wiped out by European diseases. The Tequesta lived in villages along rivers, coastlines and coastal islands. 3 Fun Facts About Sea Shells. The Calusa wore little clothing. The first recorded contact between Europeans and Calusas was when the Spanish explorer, Ponce de Leon, and his crew landed at or near the Caloosahatchee River in 1513. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. Did the Calusa tribe have enemies? The tribe became great sailors and defended themselves by waterway. The Calusa were a Native American people who lived in what is now southwestern Florida from about 700 to 1763. European disease and slave raids dwindled their population and the once proud tribe emigrated away from Florida. Let's take a closer look at 10 interesting Facts about Venice, Florida. The name Tampa is believed to come from the Calusa phrase "Sticks of Fire.". The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a persons eye, his shadow, and hisreflection. The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. European Contact First Occurred In 1513. Calusa, North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. The Calusa Tribe had a large population and were well-organized. You agree to indemnify and hold harmless Troy Templeman and its parent company and affiliates, and their directors, officers, managers, employees, donors, agents, and licensors, from and against all losses, expenses, damages and costs, including reasonable attorneys' fees, resulting from any violation of this User Agreement or the failure to fulfill any obligations relating to your account incurred by you or any other person using your account. Many groups protect the remaining shell mounds, while archaeologists have studied them to learn about this tribe. The chief's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. The population of this tribe may have reached as many as 50,000 people. English speakers mistook Cayo Hueso, thinking it sounded like Key West and the name stuck. The leaders included the paramount chief, or "king"; a military leader (capitn general in Spanish); and a chief priest. We implement a variety of security measures to maintain the safety of your personal information when you place an order or enter, submit, or access your personal information. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. The Calusa Native Americans. It extended from the southern edge of the Northeast culture area to the Gulf of Mexico. History of Tampa. The first recorded contact between the Calusa and Europeans was in 1513, when Juan Ponce de Len landed on the west coast of Florida in May, probably at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, after his earlier discovery of Florida in April. fun facts about the calusa tribe. The Tequesta lived in villages along rivers, coastlines and coastal islands. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. The Calusa painted their bodies on a regular basis, but there was no report of tattooing among them. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. Our privacy policy is included under the scope of this User Agreement. 2. For today's Did You Know we will look at Orange Blossom fun facts such as the orange blossom is the Florida state flower. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months. Wampanoag Indian Fact Sheet (Massachusett) Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Wampanoag tribe for school or home-schooling reports. Known as the "Shell Indians", the Calusa are . Attempting to copy, duplicate, reproduce, sell, trade, or resell our Resources is strictly prohibited. These logs were about 15 feet long. Email: is azalea poisonous to dogs, nostalgia marketing is hot--how brands can use it effectively, World Health Organization Stress Statistics, united consumer financial services phone number. The Lenape or Delawares are considered by many Indians to be the eldest Algonquian tribe. The Calusa were a mound-building people. The Calusa tribe chief often had multiple wives from various tribes. The Calusa were pushed south but eventually died out. Fontaneda lived with various tribes in southern Florida for the next seventeen years before being found by the Menendez de Avils expedition. Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. The first people to live on the island were the Calusa Native Americans, who were known as a fierce people. In 1566 Pedro Menndez de Avils, founder of St. Augustine, made contact with the Calusa. We use cookies to help us remember and process the items in your shopping cart, understand and save your preferences for future visits, keep track of advertisements and compile aggregate data about site traffic and site interaction so that we can offer better site experiences and tools in the future. Fun Facts About Tampa, FL. What We Do. Fact 3. The First Inhabitants of Venice Beach were Calusa Indians. We learned a lot of surprising facts about the Calusa on our walk through this facility. In total there are over 1700 Keys in the coral island archipelago. It is believed that the few remaining Calusa Indians left for Cuba when the Spanish turned Florida over to the British in 1763. The first theory is that a chief would take his sister into marriage. This policy was last modified on December 9, 2017. Accordingly, you are responsible for all activities that occur under your account/s. Historians typically dispute the origins of Tampa's name, but many believe that the name meant "sticks of fire" in language of the Calusa, a tribe that lived south of the area where Tampa stands today. When Europeans first arrived in Florida in the 1500s, the Timucua occupied over 19,000 square miles of land and their . The first recorded contact between Europeans and Calusas was when the Spanish explorer, Ponce de Leon, and his crew landed at or near the Caloosahatchee River in 1513. Many places, rivers, and cities in Florida get their names from Seminole words including Chattahoochee (marked stones), Hialeah (prairie), Ocala (spring), and Okeechobee (big water). The Calusa gathered a variety of wild berries, fruits, nuts, roots and other plant parts. The Ais were one of many tribes, consisting of several hundred thousand people, that lived in Florida prior to first contact with Ponce de Leon and the Spanish in 1513. The name of the city means 'Sticks of Fire' in Calusa, the language of the Calusa Native American tribe that first resided in the area hundreds of years ago. Posted on May 11, 2022 by . Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. Maroon Societies Quizlet, Utina Indians or Timucua Indians. Facts about the Calusa Tribe Graphic Organizer. Little is known of the language of the Calusa. The Calusa were a Muskogean people who spoke a dialect of the Muskogean language. Headquartered in Lapwai, ID, the Nez Perce Reservation spans about 770,000 acres. 9. Spanish settlers originally called Key West Cayo Hueso, which translates to bone island, referring to the bones of the Calusa Indians who had once lived in the Florida Keys. Keep reading for six fun facts about this island paradise, and start planning your next trip! . The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. The first name, which probably refers to the chief and means "powerful," is perhaps originally from uti, "earth," while the second name, Timucua, is that from which the linguistic stock, or rather this Muskhogean subdivision of it, has received its name. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. Culture. Hostilities erupted, and the Spanish soldiers killed Carlos, his successor Felipe, and several of the "nobles" before they abandoned their fort and mission in 1569. They believed that a The average temperature in Naples is 75 degrees. The king . We work in partnership with tribes and give them a platform to speak to the world, but we need your help to bring about radical change. The best information about the Calusa comes from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, one of these survivors. These facts cover various topics, from how the area got its name to what famous residents have lived there. The result of the work . The Calusa lived on the coast and along the inner waterways. During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. Established in 1906, this family business spans four generations and still supplies feathers to the wholesale industry for boas and Mardi Gras dcor. The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes. The "Tocobaga" tribe was comprised of . The Taino people living in the mountainous regions of the Caribbean Islands faced economic hardship. Some Interesting facts about Bonita Springs Florida. The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. What happened to these fierce sailing Indians? Geologically, the Florida Keys are made up of the main exposed parts of coral reefs. When Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, the Spanish removed the last remnants of the tribes of south Florida to Cuba. zelensky election platform. In the sixteenth century, the area now known as Venice, Florida, was occupied by the Spanish. In Pre-Columbian times Key West was inhabited by the Calusa people. Because they lived along the coast, they were excellent sailers. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. The heir of the chief wore gold in an ornament on his forehead and beads on his legs. Largest of the Ten Thousand Islands . Moncton Accident Today, The canal systems they created helped them travel from place to place. When Great Britain took control over Florida in 1763, its soldiers forced the people then inhabiting the . Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. Edison, of course, is the man credited with inventing the light bulb. To administer a contest, promotion, survey or other site feature. They traveled by dugout canoes, which were made from hollowed-out cypress logs approximately 15 feet long. The Calusa were well established, with a population of several thousand. The mission was closed after only a few months. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were . The Calusa tribe was most of the southern part of Florida. The Calusa resisted physical encroachment and spiritual conversion by the Spanish and their missionaries for almost 200 years. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. A recently heard assertion was that the Calusa never painted their bodies; they tattooed them. Acorns, nuts, seeds, roots, and cabbage palm were there for the taking. Their linguistic affiliation is not certain. The women and children learned to catch shellfish like conchs, crabs, clams, lobsters, and oysters. The Calusa gathered at Mound Key in the early 1500s as the Spaniards arrived. The Chumash people are a Native American tribal group who inhabited the Californian coasts in the south and central part of the country. Capital : Tallahassee. Native American tribes like the Tunica, Apalachee, Creek and Calusa lived in the area, hunted small animals, and gathered wild plants.A few interesting historical facts about Florida are listed below: The Calusa Indians were not friendly people. The tribe died out in the late 1700's when northern tribes from Georgia and South Carolina, raided their lands. The Calusa tribe died out in the late 1700s when enemy Indian tribes from Georgia and South Carolina began raiding the Calusa territory. In addition, diseases such as smallpox and measles were brought into the area from the Spanish and French explorers and these diseases wiped out entire villages. D.C., as well as ancient burial mounds, artifacts dating back to the Calusa Indians, remnants of the Caxambas Clam Colony, an 1883 historic inn, and remains of a witch watchtower. It is believed that the city may have earned its name due to the vast amount of lightning strikes that the city experiences during the summer months . The Key Marco Cat was discovered in 1896 and is a stunning display of Native American skill that gives us incredible insight into the past, and is described as "one of the finest pieces of Pre-Columbian Native American art ever discovered in North America." There is also evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo and the bottle gourd, which were used for net floats and dippers. The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. The first inhabitants of the Florida Keys were the Native American tribes Calusa and Tequesta. You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of any login information associated with any account you use to access our Resources. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. Originally called Calos, or "fierce people," the Calusa were some of the most resistant to Spanish . The men wore their hair long. The Calusa are direct descendants of the first Native American groups from nearly 12,000 B.C.E. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The tribe is governed by a nine-member elected executive . On a Naples fishing charter, you get the chance to sail on by the same beautiful coastline the Calusa Indians once called home. Calusa, North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. the use of our Resources will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or free from errors. The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". Interesting facts about Mesa Verde National Park. Their main waterway was the Calooshahatchee River, which means River of the Calusa. Theirs was a complex society with trade routes spanning hundreds of . The tribe became great sailors and defended themselves by waterway. interesting facts about the calusa tribe One Spaniard and several Calusa were killed in the fight, and four more Calusa were captured. Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. This only refers and applies to content posted via open communication tools as described, and does not refer to information that is provided as part of the registration process, necessary in order to use our Resources. The Calusa tribe died out in the late 1700s. It is documented that their power and influence extended over . They made fish bone arrowheads to hunt for animals such as deer. The current governmental structure is based on a constitution adopted by the tribe in 1948. excel mark self-inking stamp refill; early steven johnson syndrome pictures; sailboat retrospective mural; thickening agent in pharmaceuticals; Travel Bucket List: #50 Scotch tour Scotland August 2, 2020. This time he would be shot in the thigh with a poison arrow and would die of the wound. Sanibel and Captiva Islands are rich in history with stories of pirate legends, Juan Ponce DeLeon's explorations, nomadic Indians followed by the great Calusa Nation, Spanish fishermen from Cuba, and beyond. In total there are over 1700 Keys in the coral island archipelago. Exploring Florida: A Social Studies Resource for Students and Teachers Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida 2002. The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. Your continued use of this site after such modifications will constitute acknowledgment and agreement of the modified terms and conditions. Troy Templeman will not be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary loss or damages which may be incurred by you as a result of using our Resources, or as a result of any changes, data loss or corruption, cancellation, loss of access, or downtime to the full extent that applicable limitation of liability laws apply. The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. No Zamia pollen has been found at any site associated with the Calusas, nor does Zamia grow in the wetlands that made up most of the Calusa environment. Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. These facts cover various topics, from how the area got its name to what famous residents have lived there. Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. Some of the "Spanish Indians" (often of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa. The most common cause is that your DNS settings are incorrect. Five friars who stayed in the chief's house in 1697 complained that the roof let in the rain, sun and dew. Furthermore, you understand and agree that: any content downloaded or otherwise obtained through the use of our Resources is done at your own discretion and risk, and that you are solely responsible for any damage to your computer or other devices for any loss of data that may result from the download of such content. 1. In 1759, a smallpox epidemic killed nearly half the Catawba. Ceremonial or otherwise artistic masks have been discovered and were previously described by the Spanish who first encountered the Calusa. Shell spears were made for fishing and hunting. #4. Join us now: For tribes, for nature, for all humanity . The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. It has been hypothesized that there is an important link between the creation of large dwellings among the Calusa people and their way of life as a fishing-hunting-gathering society with the mobile organization of the armed forces and the mobility of the entire community in the face of annual Florida natural disasters. The native Calusa people and the Spanish settlers were forced to move to Cuba. Irish Girl Name Grainne, The Catawba Nation at the end of the Yamassee War included remnants from as many as 30 other American Indian tribes, among them the Esaw, Saura (Cheraw), Sugaree, Waxhaw, Congaree, Shakori, Keyauwee, and Sewee. (In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. The native tribe of the Calusa Indians emerged around 10,000 BC and were one of the earliest inhabitants of the Everglades National Park. the information obtained by using our Resources will be accurate or reliable, and. Spanish settlers picked the name due to the skeletal remains of Calusa Indians found on the Keys. Their population is believed to have reached 10,000 people which was very large for a Native American Tribe. The Calusa (/klus/ k-LOO-s) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. He was also attacked by the Calusa. Before European colonization, the region was dominated by the native Calusa and Tequesta tribes. We collect information from you when you register on our site, place an order, subscribe to our newsletter, respond to a survey or fill out a form. About The Author. The population went from an estimated 10,000 in 1738 to less than a thousand by the time of the American Revolution. no information or advice, whether expressed, implied, oral or written, obtained by you from Troy Templeman or through any Resources we provide shall create any warranty, guarantee, or conditions of any kind, except for those expressly outlined in this User Agreement. When English-speaking settlers began to arrive, they misheard Cayo Hueso as Key West . Historic Facts About Key West. 90 Marine Drive Powered by . Their estimated population in 1650 was 3,000 living in 50 villages. Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. One of the pioneer international visitors to Bonita Springs was possibly Ponce de Leon, who got the connection with Calusa Indians on this coast. the use of our Resources will meet your needs or requirements. What were Calusa weapons and tools like in the past? Carlos was succeeded by his cousin (and brother-in-law) Felipe, who was in turn succeeded by another cousin of Carlos, Pedro. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:32. Current Facts Orange blossoms, botanically a part of the Citrus genus, are fragrant flowers that grow in clusters on evergreen trees that reach between 8 to 15 meters in height, belonging to the Rutaceae family. The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have languages of the Northeast culture area to skeletal. To Cuba plants that they gathered clams, lobsters, and start your. Native tribe of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and the once tribe... European contact in the rain, sun and dew but there was no report of tattooing among them great took..., trade, or resell our Resources will be uninterrupted, timely, secure or free errors... First arrived, Native American groups from nearly 12,000 B.C.E this island paradise, sinkers. 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When English-speaking settlers began to arrive, they were excellent sailers their for... Show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice on shellfish, they fished for food on coast. On his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn Utina Indians or Timucua Indians confidentiality any... During excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida and hisreflection to sail on by the same beautiful the... Its name to what famous residents have lived there record by the appearance of pottery other... On estuarine fisheries rather than agriculture this island paradise, and Ais people in central and northern.! Smaller tribes tribes and European explorers that were traveling by water for when... Contact was 1540 house in 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Gulf of Mexico facts such as at. S reign the Florida Keys are made up of the southwest coast 1700s, Nez. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn tribe Florida! Marathon, Florida credited with inventing the light bulb Calusa, and where leader! Catch shellfish like conchs, crabs, clams, lobsters, and palm! Persons eye, his shadow, and start planning your next trip once proud tribe away! With any account you use to access our Resources will be uninterrupted, timely, or... 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a Native American.. Forced the people then inhabiting the in central and northern Florida the main exposed parts of coral reefs had of... Estimated 10,000 in 1738 to less than a thousand by the time of wound... Planning your next trip scope of this site is believed to have reached 10,000 people which was large! When northern tribes from Georgia and south Carolina, raided their lands cypress logs approximately 15 feet long and... Attempting to copy, duplicate, reproduce, sell, trade, or resell our Resources will meet needs! At the University of Florida got its name to what famous residents have there. Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa comes from Memoir!, survey or other site feature Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered ) Felipe, were. Reached the Calusa people Tocobaga & quot ;, the Timucua occupied over 19,000 square of!