In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. Gleditsch, N. P., & Theisen, O. M. (2010). (2011). Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. As this brief discussion suggests, US veterans have many unmet needs. These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. There are also many innocent victims in wartime, but when children are victims, our hearts especially go out to them. Still, tensions often arise. John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. This article is intended to investigate the war-related psycho-social problems and mitigating strategies of war declared on Ethiopia's Amhara region civilians. Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? 4 Units. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. US Census Bureau. DOD: New nuclear subs will cost $347 billion to acquire, operate. Since Arias wrote these words, the United States has spent more than $5.5 trillion on defense outlays in constant dollars (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010), including $1.3 trillion on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Victims of military rape deserve justice. However, the calculation for this statement excludes the additional military expenses just discussed, and it uses a misleading measure of federal spending. Worrell, M. P. (2011). (1971). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). Theme: Exploring Social Science Issues, learning block 1-1 (page 4) The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). A fifth and related group is composed of social reconstructionists or critical pedagogues, who cast social studies in schools in a leading role in the To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. As the text discusses, most military women who are raped or sexually assaulted do not report these crimes to military authorities. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2010). We both wound up suspended for that one (Ashton, 2011). A related subfield is military sociology, which focuses more explicitly on the organization and . Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. A prime example of this latter dynamic is the Vietnam War. New York Times, p. WK3. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . This course systematically identifies a comprehensive picture of current social issues and concerns in a school as they impact socio-cultural development; student safety and violence prevention; person/social development; and academic achievement. WAR AND RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 363 the basic data of the social sciences are the be-havior patterns of human beings, which exhibit that variety conditioned by the unique nervous organization known as the human . Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. War can also change a nations political structure in obvious ways, as when the winning nation forces a new political system and leadership on the losing nation. AlterNet. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. The samples are almost entirely of women, given their higher risk of being sexually assaulted. The Nation. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. Explain your answer. Explores key concepts, issues, and trends in the interdisciplinary field of veterans studies. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. The Washington Post. Russia ranked second with $5.3 billion in arms deliveries, while Germany ranked third with $2.6 billion (Grimmett, 2011). Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Retrieved from https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf. Drew, C. (2011, March 30). New York Times, p. B4. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab. towards a more balanced coverage of wider strategic issues, requiring a level of analytical and conceptual thinking. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. Social issues news. Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. (2011). Tirman, J. Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). Social research can help solve them. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. Four decades later, questions of deceit were again raised after the United States began the war against Iraq because of its alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction. Daedalus, 133(4), 2535. Washington, DC: Author. This episode of Social Science of War examines a range of issues related to Army talent managementfrom the ways in which service in the. This latter fact needs some explanation. Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. the families are worried about their loved ones Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions University of California Los Angeles Keiser University Nuclear weapons overview. Feinstein, A. to social improvement. Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Washington rules: Americas path to permanent war. 221232). Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. Choose one of the five social institutions. While the film is in Japanese, its simple yet challenging message applies to all of us: We will never truly be able to address the problem of poverty when so much of society looks at being poor as . Kaplan, F. (2012, February 13). Once they were evacuated, their villages were designated free fire zones, and then often bombed indiscriminately once again, killing any villagers who managed to remain in these zones despite the evacuations. Retrieved from http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf. Killer species. Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars. The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! Our guests begin by discussing Russian grand strategy and by framing the threat posed by Russia to US national security. Answer (1 of 10): Brief answer: The principles of social science have to be the same as natural science --- natural laws. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html. tific Monthly 50: 5-17, 1940. Using the example of Mozambique, Guatemala and others, this paper will discuss the way in which . This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. Many antiwar protests in the United States focused on the civilian suffering from napalm. (2012, January 8). The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. napalm sticks to kids. Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars listed the hundreds of thousands of troop deaths in American wars. As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). In athletics, gender inequality and racial discrimination are the main social issues that affect females. As this brief discussion indicates, although the massacre of 347 Vietnamese at the hamlet of My Lai is undoubtedly the Vietnam massacre that is best known (and perhaps the only known) to the American public, massacres were far from rare and in fact were rather common. This type of research accelerated, however, after several scandals involving sexual assault and harassment occurred during the 1990s on military bases and at military academies. Time. Identify two social science issues related to war. Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. In one example of what Tirman (2011, p. 153) calls a typical massacre, US soldiers arrived at a village that had just been bombed and ordered surviving residents to gather at the center of the town. Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. Many veterans are experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked by nightmares, panic attacks, and other symptoms (Dao, 2012). For example, the F-35 fighter aircraft has been plagued with management problems, huge cost-overruns, [and] substantial performance shortfalls, according to a recent news report (Kaplan, 2012). Causes of war. Since 1993, US armed forces have waged war in Iraq and in Afghanistan and also joined international military operations in such countries as Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Libya. 147 Social Studies Topics for Your Research Project. 1. Americas defense meltdown: Pentagon reform for President Obama and the new Congress Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. Women veterans face a special problem that most male veterans do not have to fear. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. The cause for despair is twofold. Wells, T. (1994). CNN.com. War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. By contrast, The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspective views war through the lens of the social sciences, looking at the causes, processes and effects of war and drawing from a vast group of fields such as communication and mass media, economics, political science and law, psychology and sociology. The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. problems, problems not so apparent in the analo-gous sciences, problems arising from the fact that . 7 answers. Collier, E. C. (1993). As a result, reported rapes and sexual assaults compose only a very small percentage of all military rapes and sexual assaults. and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Collection Social Science Space is curating resources and publications relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the global response to the aggression, the humanitarian crisis unfolding as a result, and what steps toward an end to the violence are available. The second period is 19391945, when World War II killed 55 million people. More than 85 articles were downloaded, and of these, 53 articles were selected by considering relatedness, reputability of the journal, and pattern of writing and analyzed accordingly. Social studies is an integrated research field. Social Sciences runs special issues to create collections of papers on specific topics. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. US veterans: By the numbers. The Second World War triggered a series of rapid and far-reaching social changes in Newfoundland and Labrador. The geopolitical nuclear landscape . Planes sprayed and bombed these chemicals. US veterans: By the numbers. (2011). Recall that when weather disasters and other environmental changes cause drought and other problems, crops and other resources become scarcer. As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. Although she survived, it took seventeen surgeries to turn her whole again. . As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. Conventional arms transfers to developing nations, 20032010. Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. Social Science Sociology Question Identify two social science issues related to war. The Washington Post. Inevitably, Vietnamese civilians were in the path of the fireballs generated by the US and South Vietnamese militaries. Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). Dao, J. As a historian summarized this connection, By the end of the war, labors wartime mobilization and participation had increased its relative power within European societies. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families 1 ) . The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). Holland, J. The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. All these killings were outright slaughter. One social science issue related to war is the effects of war on the mental health of the service members . Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). A related problem is suicide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Women veterans who have been raped or sexually assaulted also have higher rates of drug abuse, unemployment, and homelessness. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. Key features include: Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html. If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Shah, A. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 267277. Boot, M. (2012). Slashing Americas defense: A suicidal trajectory. The issues and problems discussed so far in this chapter concern the nation's elementary and secondary schools in view of their critical importance for tens of millions of children and for the nation's social and economic well-being. Union of Concerned Scientists. The attention just given to civilians should in no way obscure or minimize the fact that veterans are also casualties of war. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. (2011). Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). How You Can Get social science issues related to war With a Zero-Dollar Budget; As the United States has been engaged in several armed conflicts in recent years, I have had several conversations with friends regarding the implications of war on society and how things have changed. This fear can take a psychological toll on all members of these families, but perhaps especially on children. American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. Wheeler, W. T. (2009). These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. Veterans in History and Society. New York, NY: Penguin. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . Episode 1, Season 1 of Social Science of War examines the implications for land warfare from the Russian invasion of Ukrainethe biggest land war in Europe since World War II. NIJ's portfolio of social science research on forensic science was built in three "waves." . Advancements were made in health care, education, transportation, communication . His wife April had to quit her teaching job to take care of him, and their life savings slowly dwindled. Retrieved from http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html. For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. When one woman who was raped by two soldiers in Iraq told her commander, he threatened her with a charge of adultery because she was married (Speier, 2012). As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. ABC News. The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Dewan, S. (2011, December 18). (2012). These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). 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